Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Lammer, Edward J.
• Shaw, Gary M.
• Iovannisci, David M.
• Finnell, Richard H.

Titel

Maternal Smoking, Genetic Variation of Glutathione S-Transferases, and Risk for Orofacial Clefts

Ist Teil von

• Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2005-09, Vol.16 (5), p.698-701

Ort / Verlag

Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Erscheinungsjahr

2005

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Background: Maternal smoking is a known risk factor for orofacial clefts. We investigated whether risk is greater among offspring who lack the genetic capacity to produce glutathione S-transferase enzymes relevant to detoxification of chemicals in cigarette smoke. Methods: Using a population-based case-control design, we geno-typed 423 California infants with an isolated cleft and 294 nonmal-formed controls for null variants of the glutathione S-transferases GSTT1 and GSTM1. Results: If a mother smoked during pregnancy and her fetus was homozygous null for GSTT1, the risk of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate was tripled (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-7.2). For fetuses who were homozygous null for GSTM1 and whose mothers smoked ≥20 cigarettes per day, we found nearly a 7-fold increased risk (6.8; 0.82-57). Combined absence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes among the offspring of smoking mothers was associated with a nearly 6-fold increased risk for cleft lip (6.3; 1.3-42). A similar increased risk for cleft palate was associated with absence of GSTM1, but not for absence of GSTT1. Conclusions: Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases risks for clefts among fetuses lacking enzymes involved in the detoxification of tobacco-derived chemicals.