Details

Autor(en) / Beteiligte

• Ali, Shaikh Nisar
• Ahmad, Mir Kaisar
• Mahmood, Riaz

Titel

Sodium chlorate, a herbicide and major water disinfectant byproduct, generates reactive oxygen species and induces oxidative damage in human erythrocytes

Ist Teil von

• Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017, Vol.24 (2), p.1898-1909

Ort / Verlag

Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Erscheinungsjahr

2017

Link zum Volltext

Quelle

MEDLINE

Beschreibungen/Notizen

• Sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) is a widely used non-selective herbicide. It is also generated as a byproduct during disinfection of drinking water by chlorine dioxide. In the present work, the effects of NaClO 3 on human erythrocytes were studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of erythrocytes with different concentrations of NaClO 3 at 37 °C for 90 min resulted in significant hemolysis. Cell lysates were prepared from NaClO 3 -treated and untreated (control) erythrocytes and assayed for various biochemical parameters. Methemoglobin levels were significantly increased and methemoglobin reductase activity was reduced upon NaClO 3 treatment. There was a significant increase in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation with a decrease in reduced glutathione and total sulfhydryl content. This suggests the induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes upon exposure to NaClO 3 . The occurrence of oxidative stress was confirmed by significantly increased generation of reactive oxygen species and lowered antioxidant response of the cells. NaClO 3 treatment also increased nitric oxide levels showing induction of nitrosative stress. The activities of major antioxidant and membrane-bound and metabolic enzymes were significantly altered upon incubation of erythrocytes with NaClO 3 . The erythrocytes became more osmotically fragile while electron microscopic images showed gross morphological alterations in NaClO 3 -treated cells. These results show that NaClO 3 induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, which results in extensive membrane damage and lowers the antioxidant response.