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The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO2 emission, and energy consumption
Ist Teil von
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017-02, Vol.24 (5), p.4625-4636
Ort / Verlag
Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erscheinungsjahr
2017
Link zum Volltext
Quelle
2022 ECC(Springer)
Beschreibungen/Notizen
This paper examines the long-run and the causal relationship among CO
2
emissions, militarization, economic growth, and energy consumption for USA for the period 1960–2013. Using the bound test approach to cointegration, a short-run as well as a long-run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between CO
2
emissions and militarization was found. To determine the causal link, MWALD and Rao’s
F
tests were applied. According to Rao’s
F
tests, the evidence of a unidirectional causality running from militarization to CO
2
emissions, from energy consumption to CO
2
emissions, and from militarization to energy consumption all without a feedback was found. Further, the results determined that 26% of the forecast-error variance of CO
2
emissions was explained by the forecast error variance of militarization and 60% by energy consumption.