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It has been suggested that restoration of roadsides to native habitat can benefit wildlife by adding habitat and restoring connectivity between fragmented reserves. In Iowa, which has one of the highest road densities in the United States, roadside vegetation has traditionally been managed to maintain a monoculture of exotic grass. Recently, several Iowa counties have begun integrated roadside vegetation management, a program that both restores roadsides to native prairie vegetation and restricts the use of herbicides and mowing. We evaluated the effect of this management regime on butterfly populations along central Iowa roadsides. We surveyed 12 separate prairie roadside areas, comparing the abundance and species richness of disturbance-tolerant and habitat-sensitive butterflies in roadside prairies with those of nearby roadsides dominated by either weeds (primarily non-native legumes) or non-native grasses. We found that management of roadsides profoundly affected the butterfly community. Species richness of habitat-sensitive butter-flies showed a two-fold increase in prairie compared with grassy and weedy roadsides (p < 0.0001), and abundance increased almost five times more on the prairie than on grassy roadsides (p < 0.02). Species richness of disturbance-tolerant butterflies showed no response to roadside management, although abundance was slightly higher in weedy and prairie roadsides than on grassy roadsides (p < 0.01). Of all habitat variables explored, the species richness of plants in flower showed the strongest effect on mean richness and abundance of both disturbance-tolerant and habitat-sensitive butterfly species. Although there were higher concentrations of road-killed butterflies near weedy and prairie roadsides than on grassy roadsides, relative numbers indicated that mortality risk was more than twice as high on grassy roadsides (p < 0.0001). Tracking studies showed that butterflies were less likely to exit prairie roadsides, indicating that their mortality rates may be lower and offering preliminary evidence that roadsides have the potential to be used as corridors. Overall, our results indicate that roadside restoration benefits butterfly populations. More detailed demographic data are necessary, however, to explore the possibility that roadsides are acting as sink habitat for some habitat-restricted species.