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Lead poisoning from ingested shot is a major cause of mortality in waterfowl throughout the world. In North America, most waterfowl that die from lead poisoning succumb following the hunting season. Cold and harsh winter weather is generally thought to exacerbate lead toxicity in birds. A recent study in which black ducks (Anas rubripes ) were dosed with a single number 4 lead shot suggested that toxicity may be enhanced during periods of extreme hot weather. To further investigate this finding, the authors examined lead toxicity in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos ).