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The discovery of widely distributed populations of chroococcoid marine cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.) deep in the water column has focused attention on the autotrophic potential of small ( < 10 mu m) size classes of marine phytoplankton. These organisms contain light-harvesting pigments which specifically absorb in the blue and green regions of the spectrum. The author shows that the spectral composition of available light must be considered in estimates of water column productivity and that the depth of the euphotic zone varies between different ultraphytoplankton strains depending on the composition and organization of the photosynthetic apparatus.