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This dissertation provides a foundation for meaningful analysis of the organ music of Nicolas Lebegue by first examining the sources of this music, cotemporary theoretical writings, and contemporary liturgical music and practice. Chapter 1 alters the established perception of the publication history of the three organ books. According to earlier theories, the Second Livre d'orgue may have been published in 1678. Archival evidence detailed in Chapter 1 shows that the Second Livre could not have been published until after January, 1682. Chapter 2, on seventeenth-century French music theory, seeks contemporary definitions of ton, mode, consonance, dissonance, and fugue. Considering the organ music in its proper liturgical setting permits new conclusions about the definitions of ton. Chapter 3 examines contemporary French liturgical practice and plain chant, for Lebegue's music was usually performed in the context of the liturgy. The chapter reviews contemporary writings about the practice and composition of four-part fauxbourdons for psalms and canticles. It also explores the relationship among fauxbourdons, pleins jeux, and figured bass realization. Chapter 4 and 5 focus on the analysis of Lebegue's organ music. The vast majority of these pieces is either associated with a specific part of the liturgy or intended for liturgical use. Lebegue did not alter his style when he wrote the few pieces which do not have a liturgical identity, such as Les Cloches and the four simphonies. Chapter 6 reviews the main concerns in the performance of this organ music: the role of the organ in the liturgy, the seventeenth century French organ, registration, tempi, and ornamentation. The chapter also examines the matter of meter changes and proportionality in Lebegue's music.