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The current study is dedicated to the taxonomy of the genus
Phylacia
(
Hypoxylaceae
) in Argentina. Fieldwork in the north of the country provided several fresh collections that were studied, using a polyphasic approach. The secondary metabolite profiles of the specimens were generated by high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated by diode array and mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD/MS) of the stromata. This study confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites that are also found in the related genus
Daldinia
. The detection of binapththalene tetrol (BNT), daldinal B, and daldinol, which are also characteristic of certain species of
Daldinia
and
Hypoxylon
, further confirmed the chemotaxonomic affinities within the
Hypoxylaceae
. The phylogenetic affinities of several species were determined using a multi-gene genealogy based on ITS, LSU,
TUB2
, and
RPB2
sequences, confirming that
Phylacia
is most closely related to
Daldinia
,
Rhopalostroma
, and
Thamnomyces.
The new species
P. lobulata
, which features a rather unique stromatal morphology and seems to exhibit apparent host specificity for the endemic tree
Pseudobombax argentinum
, is described.