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By2060, plastic waste could triple from 2019 levels, and carbon emissions from the full life cycle of plastics are expected to more than double, according to a report this year2 from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris. The Nairobi resolution calls for full-life-cycle assessments, from fossil-fuel well heads - where 99% of the raw materials for plastics originate - to final disposal. Research surge Research on plastics pollution has exploded in the past decade, part of a growing body of studies revealing the biological, ecological and human-health consequences of synthetic polymer products that were nearly non-existent a century ago. The NASEM report, released earlier this year, argues that the United States should establish a strategy by the end of2022 for reducing plastic waste in the ocean, focusing on six stages of the problem, from production and product design to waste management.