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Ethnomedicinal plant‐extract‐assisted green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Allium saralicum extract, and their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound‐healing activities
The aim of the experiment was the evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound‐healing activities of green synthesized iron nanoparticles using Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch leaves (FeNPs@AS). These nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 40–45 nm, and were characterized using various analysis techniques including ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy to determine the presence of FeNPs@AS in the solution. We studied functional groups of A. saralicum extract in the reduction and capping process of FeNPs@AS by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy; crystallinity and FCC planes by X‐ray diffraction pattern; and surface morphology, shapes and size of FeNPs@AS by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Agar diffusion tests were done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. FeNPs@AS prevented the growth of all bacteria and removed them at 2–8 mg/ml concentrations (P ≤ 0.01). In the case of antifungal potentials of FeNPs@AS, they inhibited the growth of all fungi and destroyed them at 2–4 mg/ml concentrations (P ≤ 0.01). The 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl test revealed similar antioxidant potentials for FeNPs@AS and butylated hydroxytoluene. The synthesized FeNPs@AS had great cell viability dose‐dependently and indicated this method was non‐toxic. For the in vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: treatment with 0.2% FeNPs@AS ointment; treatment with 0.2% A. saralicum ointment; treatment with 0.2% FeCl3·6H2O ointment; treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment; treatment with Eucerin basal ointment; and untreated control. These groups were treated for 10 days. Use of FeNPs@AS ointment in the treatment groups significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes, and significantly raised (P ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared with other groups. These results show that the inclusion of A. saralicum extracts improves the therapeutical properties of FeNPs, which led to a significant enhancement in the antioxidant, non‐cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antifungal and cutaneous wound‐healing activities of the nanoparticles.
Remedial properties of iron nanoparticles using Allium saralicum.