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Saline-alkali stress has always been a key factor restricting crop production in Xinjiang. Sea Island cotton is one of the main cash crops in Xinjiang and an important textile raw material. This experiment is based on the main Island cotton varieties Xinhai 31（XH31）, Xinhai 35（XH35）, Xinhai 43（XH43） and Xinhai 48（XH48）, in the Aksu area of Xinjiang, involving treatment with neutral salt mixed with NaCl and Na2SO4 at 1∶1 mole ratio and treatment with alkali salt mixed with NaCl and NaHCO3 at 1∶1 mole ratio. The objective was to explore the response of biomass allocation and root growth in Sea Island cotton seedlings to mixed saline-alkali stress. Total salt concentrations（Na+） in the different treatments were 0（CK）, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 mmol/L. The differences in root morphological characteristics of Sea Island cotton seedlings under the two salt stress conditions, including biomass, root length, root volume, and root surface area, and root system morphological characteristics at different stem levels,