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More than perhaps any country in the former Soviet Union, Kazakhstan turned to foreign companies to assist in restructuring management and in providing new investment for its principal, large enterprises in order to arrest the escalating economic collapse after independence. Of course, privatization of the large enterprises was not done in isolation. Companion programs focused on small and medium-size enterprises, housing, and agriculture. More recently, many questions about the programs, and especially the transactions involving the large enterprises, have received attention as numerous contracts have been cancelled or redrawn, allegations of bribery have become quite public, sectors are once again monopolies, and the dominant position of 2 large financial industrial groups has become clearer. This paper reviews and updates that history. It also brings together additional information on the 2 financial industrial groups that have recently emerged as having acquired very substantial positions in the economy.