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We have measured the Hall effect, magnetotransport, and magnetostriction on the field-induced phases of single-crystalline UPt2Si2 in magnetic fields up to 60 T at temperatures down to 50 mK, firmly establishing the phase diagram for magnetic fields B∥a and c axes. Moreover, for the B∥c axis we observe strong changes in the Hall effect at the phase boundaries. From a comparison to band structure calculations utilizing the concept of a dual nature of the uranium 5f electrons, we propose that these represent field-induced topological changes of the Fermi surface due to at least one Lifshitz transition. Furthermore, we find a unique history dependence of the magnetotransport and magnetostriction data, indicating that the proposed Lifshitz-type transition is of a discontinuous nature, as predicted for interacting electron systems.