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Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate are important endogenous signal molecules that can induce plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of jasmonates. Here, in order to evaluate the correlation between
AOC
transcript level and the allelopathic potential of rice, gene expression of
AOC
was genetic operated in allelopathic rice PI312777 and non-allelopathic rice Lemont, using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression (OX) techniques respectively. An increase in endogenous JA was found in
AOC
-OX rice, and the transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, hydroxylase, CoA-ligases,
O
-methyltransferases, and cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenases, which are involved in phenolic acid synthesis, were also up-regulated in
AOC
-OX transgenic rice when compared with those of the wild type. Higher accumulation of protocatechuic acid,
p
-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoicacid, and cinnamic acid content were found in the
AOC
-OX transgenic line. The increase of phenolic acids in the
AOC
-OX transgenic lines led to enhanced inhibitory rates on barnyardgrass, whereas the reverse was true in the
AOC
-RNAi transgenic line. The results suggest that
AOC
can regulate the synthesis of rice phenolic acids and thus allelopathic inhibition on barnyardgrass.