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This chapter provides, first, guidance about describing subject populations. In includes information about determining a level of first-language literacy as well as of the second-language grammar and vocabulary level of subjects as independent factors and as ones directly related to texts. The chapter turns, second, to a discussion of variables defining individual readers at the level of background knowledge and personal interest and provides some ideas about making these judgments. Finally, the chapter turns to issues involving reading materials themselves. The chapter argues that materials used in research should be described thoroughly, in parallel to the descriptions of subjects. Materials' descriptions should acknowledge genre and calculate a measure of word and sentence density to provide descriptions that are thorough and textured and that enable comparisons across populations and research questions.