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Humans are a highly social species and like to live in company. David Frye puts it succinctly in the book Walls, that humankind shifted both physically and psychologically from being hunter-gatherers to a more sedate and well-behaved lifestyle once we started building walls around our collective living places. Placed on a scale somewhere between urban planning and architectural design, urban design has been described as the design of public spaces or the practice of creating a single composition of many buildings. Urban design examines the process, scale and product of our cities while also describing the different approaches: the political, social, physical, economic and environmental. Higher urban density is seen as a sustainable approach in smart growth theories by many researchers, because it leads to less land consumption as well as lower energy consumption. Cities are places of action and delight: of theatre and of congregation, of parliament and of mercantile trade.