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New mathematical probability grew directly out of the mathematics of games of chance, and was thus not possible until, in the mid‐1650s, a critical mass of mathematical talent happened to be focused, albeit momentarily, on such games. Classical probability eventually reached its zenith during the early nineteenth century. For the most part, the various proposals have laid primary emphasis on one or another of four common intuitions about probability such as probability pertains to a relative frequency of occurrence, probability is a logical relationship between evidence and belief, probability measures a subjective degree of belief and probability is a measure of the propensity to occur. This chapter discusses three issues includes the meaning of randomness, the reference class problem and the problem of the single case. It considers each of these issues from the metaphorical lottery perspective.