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Employment protection is the core of the social protection system in Japan. This is a simple enough claim, but one that requires theoretical justification and situation in a comparative framework. This chapter discusses the basic traits of the Japanese social protection system from a comparative perspective and demonstrates that it can be characterized as a system of “welfare through work,” where employment maintenance policies functionally substitute for income maintenance policies. While the government’s social spending has generally been low by international standards and redistribution through taxes and social contributions has played only a marginal role in social protection, high employment