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In the following study we shall investigate the ancient Greek ‘(all-)day runners’ (ήμεροδρόμοι)2 from a historical as well as from a modern physiological perspective. Hemerodromoi were of some importance in Greek interstate communication, in particular in military long-distance communication, and are, accordingly, a subject of some interest for the study of interaction in the ancient Greek city-state culture. The investigation begins by considering the ancient evidence on these ‘(all-)day runners’ and moves on to a physiological consideration of this evidence, with particular reference to the feat of the Athenian hemerodromos Pheidippides3 who ran from Athens to Sparta in 490 BC, shortly before the famous battle of Marathon.