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The paper analyses the beginning of a Swiss population policy at the intersection of federal, cantonal and non-governmental interests in the twenties and thirties. During World War One, the Federal Council founded the Swiss Foreign Police, a special police unit which formed part of the immigration office. This new police unit was the first federal institution which followed a population policy. In the case of immigration and naturalisation the authorities brought to life a strict population-control. Their point of view was influenced by the discourse about the threat of foreigners ("Überfremdung"), the catchphrase during the decade after World War One. While they were trying to exclude the "unwanted people" they also encouraged the discrimination of women. At the same time several private associations and some cantons demanded a social policy for families with the aim to raise the birth rate. Because the Swiss federalism was also very strong between the World Wars a population policy under helvetic conditions there was developing: exclusion against outside, discrimination of women inside.