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Every species is rare somewhere, or at some time, but how is ‘rare’ defined? For our purposes, we include species for which, on average, only 5 or fewer individuals have been found annually in North America since around 1950, when birding and field ornithology started to become popular. We tried to incorporate all species and records through the June–July 2011 summer season, and in some cases noteworthy later records are mentioned, through to the submission of the final manuscript in November 2012 (newly recorded species from fall 2011 through summer 2012 are discussed in Appendix A).
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