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Throughout much of the modern age, a large part of Europe—a quarter or a third of the continent—was under the political domination of Islam. That fracture within the continent was not new. To a large extent, Ottoman Europe simply covered thepars orientalisof the continent, the religious and cultural sphere of influence of Constantinople, in opposition to that of Rome. Hence the Ottoman conquest ultimately followed a much more ancient cleavage, though, for some 150 years, between 1541 and the very end of the seventeenth century, it also crossed over that line, especially in Hungary.
The Ottoman