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In the 1810s, the United States charged Spanish officials in Florida with sheltering and aiding “outlaws” who conspired against the Republic and “banditti” who crossed the border to attack Americans. Mirroring the American claims, Spanish authorities accused the United States of harboring “desperadoes,” “pirates,” and “enemies of all social order” who plotted insurgency against Spain and fostered violence in Florida.¹ Such accusations reflected the disorderly condition of the border region. The undefined and porous boundary between the United States and Spanish Florida created disquiet for both nations.
For years after the founding of the United States, the two countries jockeyed