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Freedom of religion or belief is deeply entrenched in
international human rights conventions and constitutional
traditions around the world. Article 18 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the right to freedom of
thought, conscience, and religion as does the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the United Nations
General Assembly adopted in 1966. A rich jurisprudence on freedom
of religion or belief is based on the European Convention on Human
Rights, drafted in 1950 by the Council of Europe. Similar regional
guarantees exist in the framework of the Organization of American
States as well as within the African Union. Freedom of religion or
belief has found recognition in numerous national constitutions,
and some governments have shown a particularly strong commitment to
the international promotion of this right.
As Heiner Bielefeldt and Michael Wiener observe, however,
freedom of religion or belief remains a source of political
conflict, legal controversy, and intellectual debate. In
Religious Freedom Under Scrutiny , Bielefeldt and Wiener
explore various critiques leveled at this right. For example, does
freedom of religion contribute to the spread of Western neoliberal
values to the detriment of religious and cultural diversity? Can
religious freedom serve as the entry point for antifeminist agendas
within the human rights framework? Drawing on their considerable
experience in the field, Bielefeldt and Wiener provide a
typological overview and analysis of violations around the world
that illustrate the underlying principles as well as the
relationship between freedom of religion or belief and other human
rights.
Religious Freedom Under Scrutiny argues that without
freedom of religion or belief, human rights cannot fully address
our complex needs, yearnings, and vulnerabilities as human beings.
Furthermore, ignoring or marginalizing freedom of religion or
belief would weaken the plausibility, attractiveness, and
legitimacy of the entire system of human rights.