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This extraordinarily striking gagged head in terracotta most probably once functioned in the context of a convicted criminal's execution dated twelfth to fifteenth century CE from Ọsangangan Ọbámákin, If ẹ̀ (Figure 3.1). The fact that the head is gagged-that the criminal is denied of a voice-relates to how seriously the Yorùbá regard utterances, pronouncements, voicing of blessings and curses, and the power of spoken words.
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Central to these acts and powers is the still relatively understudied phenomenon of às.e., "effective energy," and "life force" often associated with many Yorùbá verbal, visual, and performing arts.