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Jean-Jacques Rousseau is often seen as the democratic republican scourge of the individualistic English liberal tradition, but this belies a more complicated relationship that included not only Rousseau’s major departures from, but also significant philosophical debts to, John Locke. This chapter examines several features of this complex relation in which the liberal theory of Locke impacted some of Rousseau’s core teachings: first, Rousseau’s reflections upon the liberal idea of the state of nature generally and Locke’s teaching on the natural right of property; second, a comparison between Locke’s argument for popular sovereignty and Rousseau’s conception of the General will; third, a comparison and contrast between Locke’s Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Rousseau’s Emile. There is a ‘double movement’ in Rousseau’s thought in which he combines important agreements with Locke along with his reservations. Indeed, one can argue that Rousseau’s thought on such issues as equality, legislative supremacy, and early childhood is built on Lockeian premises.