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The exception mechanism in C# is quite similar to that of C++, with a few important differences outlined in this chapter. Exceptions in C# provide a structured, uniform, and type-safe way of handling both system-level and application-level error conditions. Throwing an exception is comparatively very slow—maybe 20,000 cpu cycles—on Microsoft's current CLR, and much slower than in most Standard ML implementations. When an exception is thrown on the CLI, a stack trace gets incorporated into the exception object. This suggests that one of the expected uses of exceptions is to assist debugging, in addition to their normal use to handle exceptional situations during normal program execution. In Java the stack trace gets incorporated when the exception object is created. This allows an optimization in Java when the stack trace is known to be ignored. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the methods by which exceptions are thrown, their causes, and how they are handled.