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Abstract
Given the leveling off in oxidized nitrogen emissions around the world, the atmospheric deposition of reduced nitrogen (NH
x
= NH
3
+ NH
4
+
) has become progressively critical, especially dry deposition, which presents great threats to plant growth. A combination of historical deposition data of measured wet NH
x
and modeled dry NH
x
in China suggests that dry NH
x
deposition has been increasing substantially (4.50% yr
−1
,
p
< 0.05) since 1980. Here, chemical transport model (WRF-EMEP) results indicate that variation in NH
3
emissions is not a dominant factor resulting in the continually increasing trends of dry NH
x
deposition, while climate change-induced trends in precipitation patterns with less frequent light rain and more frequent consecutive rain events (with ≥2 consecutive rainy days) contribute to the increase in dry NH
x
deposition. This will continue to shift NH
x
deposition from wet to dry form at a rate of 0.12 and 0.23% yr
−1
(
p
< 0.05) for the period of 2030–2100 in China under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Further analysis for North America and Europe demonstrates results similar to China, with a consistent increase in the contribution of dry NH
x
deposition driven by changing precipitation patterns from ~30% to ~35%. Our findings, therefore, uncover the change of precipitation patterns has an increasing influence on the shifting of NH
x
deposition from wet to dry form in the Northern Hemisphere and highlight the need to shift from total NH
x
deposition-based control strategies to more stringent NH
3
emission controls targeting dry NH
x
deposition in order to mitigate the potential negative ecological impacts.