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Introduction: After endoscopic mucosal dissection (ESD), several percent of cases show recurrence even in the absence of any common risk factors.Case: A female in her 70s. We performed ESD for a laterally spreading tumor of the lower rectum. The pathological finding was 42×34 mm, tubular adenocarcinoma, well differentiated type to moderately differentiated type, pT1a (SM 200μm), ly0, v0, pHM0, pVM0, BD 1 without indications for additional resection. However, local recurrence was found 6 years later and robot-assisted abdominoperineal resection was performed. The pathological finding was compatible with local recurrence.Discussion: Efforts are still under way to add new factors to the criteria for additional resection. One of them was suggested to be positive MUC1 which was noted in the present case. In addition, recurrence is said to be significantly more common in tumors larger than 20 mm in diameter. It was reported that some cases recurred 6 or 7 years after curative ESD for T1 colorectal cancer.Conclusion: We experienced a case of recurrence 6 years after curative ESD for T1a lower rectal cancer without any common risk factors. Long-term follow-up after curative ESD for T1 rectal cancer is required.