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A century ago a Cold War raged on the political, ideological, economic, military, and cultural fronts between the UK and an authoritarian Russian state which was perceived as threatening British imperial interests in India and elsewhere in Asia. Until the end of the 19th century, liberal Britain was arguably Russia's foremost enemy. During the late 19th and the late 20th centuries alike Russian visitors to Hong Kong were often accused of spying, and carefully scrutinized by the Hong Kong police. Late 19th century Russian expansion in East Asia, sometimes to the extent of allying with the newly emergent, industrializing and militarizing Japan, seriously disturbed Britain, just as Soviet expansion in East Asia subsequently did.