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Method validation and reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and alkylphenols in surface waters, sediments, and mussels in an urban estuary
Novel methods utilizing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were validated for low-level detection of 104 pharmaceuticals and personal care products ingredients (PPCPs) and four alkylphenols (APs) in environmental samples. The methods were applied to surface water, sediment, and mussel tissue samples collected from San Francisco Bay, CA, USA, an urban estuary that receives direct discharge from over forty municipal and industrial wastewater outfalls. Among the target PPCPs, 35% were detected in at least one sample, with 31, 10, and 17 compounds detected in water, sediment, and mussels, respectively. Maximum concentrations were 92ng/L in water (valsartan), 33ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments (triclocarban), and 14ng/g wet weight (ww) in mussels (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). Nonylphenol was detected in water (<2–73ng/L), sediments (22–86ng/g dw), and mussels (<0.04–95ng/g ww), and nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates were detected in sediments (<1–40ng/g dw) and mussels (<5–192ng/g ww). The concentrations of PPCPs and APs detected in the San Francisco Bay samples were generally at least an order of magnitude below concentrations expected to elicit toxic effects in aquatic organisms. This study represents the first reconnaissance of PPCPs in mussels living in an urban estuary and provides the first field-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for select compounds in aquatic organisms.
► Methods were validated for low level detection of 104 PPCPs and alkylphenols. ► 36 PPCPs and 3 APs were detected in at least one Bay sample. ► Concentrations were at least an order of magnitude below most toxic effects levels. ► This study is the first reconnaissance of PPCPs in mussels living in an urban estuary. ► This study provides the first field-derived BAFs for select PPCPs in aquatic organisms.