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•Established the causal impact of smart manufacturing pilots on firm green innovation and financial profitability.•Examined the underlying mechanism of resource allocation efficiency and government support.•Explored the regional and human capital heterogeneity as boundary conditions.•The sample comprises 1,253 firms in China, with 290 firms implementing smart manufacturing and 963 not.
The potential of Industry 4.0-based smart manufacturing to drive sustainable and profitable practices in enterprises has yet to be fully explored. This study addresses this gap by utilizing a Propensity Score Matching with Difference-in-Difference methodology to investigate the causal impact of smart manufacturing policy implementation on the green innovation and financial profitability of Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Our results demonstrate that the adoption of smart manufacturing pilots not only promotes green innovation, but also enhances financial profitability of Chinese manufacturing firms. Moreover, we examine the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions of this causal relationship. By shedding light on the net effect of government policies aimed at facilitating smart transformation, our research offers a valuable contribution to the existing literature on Industry 4.0-based smart manufacturing.