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Abstract Thyroid hormone (T3) exerts an important influence on neurodevelopment, which can be analysed by using the postnatal development of rodent cerebellum as a model. T3 acts on all types of neuronal and glial cells, which express at least the TRα1 nuclear receptor, and, for some of them, the TRβ1 isoform. However, as T3 also activates the secretion of neurotrophins, it can also affect cellular differentiation in an indirect manner. Ongoing experiments, based on mouse genetics and genome wide analysis of gene expression, provide a promising way to study the basic mechanisms of neurodevelopment. This review describes new mouse genetics models and recent advance in this field.