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Pyridyl anchoring squaraine as a near-infrared dye sensitizer for effective sensitized hydrogen production over a titanium dioxide photocatalyst in water medium
Squaraine dyes are organic dyes having strong and narrow absorption properties in the near-infrared region that are widely used in photovoltaic and biomedical applications. In this work, squaraine dye (
SA1
) was synthesized as a dye sensitizer for a dye-sensitized photocatalytic system, which was composed of
SA1
and Pt-loaded TiO
2
powder photocatalyst (
SA1
/Pt-TiO
2
). The
SA1
/Pt-TiO
2
system exhibited a good hydrogen production performance within 150 h and an apparent quantum yield of 1.4% under 800 nm monochromatic light irradiation. However, during the photocatalytic reaction, the photocatalytic activity of
SA1
/Pt-TiO
2
decreased due to photodecomposition. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy,
1
H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurements were performed to investigate the mechanism of the decomposition of the squaraine moiety of
SA1
, the decomposition process, and the structure of the decomposed material. The results show that even without the Pt-loaded TiO
2
powder photocatalyst,
SA1
undergoes photodissociation, which cleaves the bond between the indoline moiety and the square acid.
Graphical abstract